# Luke 3:5

> Every valley shall be filled in,
and every mountain and hill made low.
The crooked ways shall be made straight,
and the rough ways smooth.

— Luke 3:5, Berean Standard Bible

## When

- AD 28-29 (dated by the text itself)
- Date source: Luke 3:1-2 dates itself by the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar and names Pilate, Herod, Philip, Lysanias, Annas and Caiaphas.

## Who ruled

- **Tiberius**, emperor of Rome, AD 14-37 · Source: Tacitus, Annals I-VI; Suetonius, Tiberius
- **Lysanias**, tetrarch of Abilene, AD 26-29 · Source: Luke 3:1. The Lysanias known to Josephus (Antiquities XIV.13) was executed in 36 BC, and the identity of the tetrarch of Abilene is debated; inscriptions from Abila point to a second Lysanias.
- **Pontius Pilate**, prefect of Judea, AD 26-36 · Source: Josephus, Antiquities XVIII.3-4; Tacitus, Annals XV.44; the Caesarea inscription, which carries his name and office in stone
- **Herod Antipas**, tetrarch of Galilee, 4 BC – AD 39 · Source: Josephus, Antiquities XVII.8-XVIII.7
- **Philip**, tetrarch of Ituraea, 4 BC – AD 34 · Source: Josephus, Antiquities XVII.8, XVIII.4
- **Caiaphas**, high priest, AD 18-36 · Source: Josephus, Antiquities XVIII.2.2 and XVIII.4.3; the ossuary of "Joseph, son of Caiaphas," found in Jerusalem in 1990

## See also

- Isaiah 40:4 — https://scriptoria.digital/en/bible/isaiah/40/4
- Isaiah 42:16 — https://scriptoria.digital/en/bible/isaiah/42/16
- Isaiah 45:2 — https://scriptoria.digital/en/bible/isaiah/45/2
- Isaiah 49:11 — https://scriptoria.digital/en/bible/isaiah/49/11
- Ezekiel 17:24 — https://scriptoria.digital/en/bible/ezekiel/17/24
- Hebrews 12:12-13 — https://scriptoria.digital/en/bible/hebrews/12/12
- Luke 1:51-53 — https://scriptoria.digital/en/bible/luke/1/51
- Isaiah 2:11-17 — https://scriptoria.digital/en/bible/isaiah/2/11

Cross-references: OpenBible.info, CC BY 4.0.

## This document

- Canonical: https://scriptoria.digital/en/bible/luke/3/5
- Whole chapter: https://scriptoria.digital/en/bible/luke/3
- License: Scripture: Berean Standard Bible (BSB), public domain. Source: Scriptoria (scriptoria.digital).