# Luke 3:9

> The axe lies ready at the root of the trees, and every tree that does not produce good fruit will be cut down and thrown into the fire.”

— Luke 3:9, Berean Standard Bible

## When

- AD 28-29 (dated by the text itself)
- Date source: Luke 3:1-2 dates itself by the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar and names Pilate, Herod, Philip, Lysanias, Annas and Caiaphas.

## Who ruled

- **Tiberius**, emperor of Rome, AD 14-37 · Source: Tacitus, Annals I-VI; Suetonius, Tiberius
- **Lysanias**, tetrarch of Abilene, AD 26-29 · Source: Luke 3:1. The Lysanias known to Josephus (Antiquities XIV.13) was executed in 36 BC, and the identity of the tetrarch of Abilene is debated; inscriptions from Abila point to a second Lysanias.
- **Pontius Pilate**, prefect of Judea, AD 26-36 · Source: Josephus, Antiquities XVIII.3-4; Tacitus, Annals XV.44; the Caesarea inscription, which carries his name and office in stone
- **Herod Antipas**, tetrarch of Galilee, 4 BC – AD 39 · Source: Josephus, Antiquities XVII.8-XVIII.7
- **Philip**, tetrarch of Ituraea, 4 BC – AD 34 · Source: Josephus, Antiquities XVII.8, XVIII.4
- **Caiaphas**, high priest, AD 18-36 · Source: Josephus, Antiquities XVIII.2.2 and XVIII.4.3; the ossuary of "Joseph, son of Caiaphas," found in Jerusalem in 1990

## See also

- Matthew 7:19 — https://scriptoria.digital/en/bible/matthew/7/19
- John 15:6 — https://scriptoria.digital/en/bible/john/15/6
- Isaiah 10:33-34 — https://scriptoria.digital/en/bible/isaiah/10/33
- Matthew 3:10 — https://scriptoria.digital/en/bible/matthew/3/10
- Luke 13:9 — https://scriptoria.digital/en/bible/luke/13/9
- Luke 13:7 — https://scriptoria.digital/en/bible/luke/13/7
- Ezekiel 31:18 — https://scriptoria.digital/en/bible/ezekiel/31/18
- Daniel 4:23 — https://scriptoria.digital/en/bible/daniel/4/23

Cross-references: OpenBible.info, CC BY 4.0.

## This document

- Canonical: https://scriptoria.digital/en/bible/luke/3/9
- Whole chapter: https://scriptoria.digital/en/bible/luke/3
- License: Scripture: Berean Standard Bible (BSB), public domain. Source: Scriptoria (scriptoria.digital).